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| Standard High German | |
|---|---|
| Standard German, High German, also often simply German | |
| Standardhochdeutsch, Standarddeutsch, Hochdeutsch | |
| Region | German-speaking Europe |
| Speakers | L1: 76 million (2019)[1] L2: 59 million Total: 130 million |
Indo-European
| |
Early forms | |
Standard forms | |
| Signed German | |
| Official status | |
| Regulated by | Council for German Orthography[2] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | de |
| ISO 639-2 | ger (B) deu (T) |
| ISO 639-3 | deu |
| Glottolog | stan1295 |
| Linguasphere | 52-ACB–dl |
Standard High German (SHG),[3] less precisely Standard German or High German[a] (German: Standardhochdeutsch, Standarddeutsch, Hochdeutsch or, in Switzerland, Schriftdeutsch), is the umbrella term for the standardized varieties of the German language, which are used in formal contexts and for communication between different dialect areas. German is a pluricentric Dachsprache with currently three codified (or standardised) specific national varieties: German Standard German, Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German.[4]
Regarding the spelling and punctuation, a recommended standard is published by the Council for German Orthography which represents the governments of all majority and minority German-speaking countries and dependencies.[5] Adherence is obligatory for government institutions, including schools. Regarding the pronunciation, although there is no official standards body, there is a long-standing de facto standard pronunciation (Bühnendeutsch), most commonly used in formal speech and teaching materials. It is similar to the formal German spoken in and around Hanover. Adherence to those standards by private individuals and companies, including the print and audio-visual media, is voluntary. Austrian German has had standard pronunciation exceptions since 1904 (Luick's österreichische Bühnenaussprache).[6] In Switzerland, no such official pronunciation codex exists, yet most Standard Swiss German speakers are markedly different sounding from Hanover-type phonetic targets.
- ^ Standard High German at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ "Über den Rat". Institute for the German Language. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
- ^ E.g.
- Wolfgang Wölck (from Buffalo, USA): Language Use and Attitudes among Teenagers in Diglossic Northern Germany. In: Language Contact in Europe: Proceedings of the Working groups 12 and 13 at the XIIIth International Congress of Linguistics, August 29 – September 4, 1982, Tokyo, edited by Peter H. Nelde, P. Sture Ureland and Iain Clarkson. Volume 168 of Linguistische Arbeiten, edited by Hans Altmann, Herbert E. Brekle, Hans Jürgen Heringer, Christian Rohrer, Heinz Vater and Otmar Werner. Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen, 1986, p. 97ff., here p. 99
- Iwar Werlen: Swiss German Dialects and Swiss Standard High German. In: Variation and Convergence: Studies in Social Dialectology, edited by Peter Auer and Aldo di Luzio. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York, 1988, p. 94
- ^ Dollinger, Stefan (2019). "Debunking "pluri-areality": on the pluricentric perspective of national varieties". Journal of Linguistic Geography. 7 (2): 101, Fig. 3. doi:10.1017/jlg.2019.9.
- ^ "Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung – Über den Rat". Rechtschreibrat.ids-mannheim.de. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
- ^ Luick, Karl (1996). Deutsche Lautlehre – mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Sprechweise Wiens und der österreichischen Alpenländer (in German) (1st 1904, 3rd 1932 and reprinted 1996 ed.).
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